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SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION Ethyl bromide is a colorless, highly volatile, flammable liquid that turns yellowish on exposure to light and air and has an ether-like odor. The air odor threshold concentration for
Ethyl bromide is 3.1 parts per million (ppm) parts of air.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES * Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, sparks, and open flame.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact between
Ethyl bromide and chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, and magnesium or strong oxidizing agents should be avoided.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic and corrosive gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving
Ethyl bromide or when
Ethyl bromide reacts with water or steam.
Ethyl bromide readily decomposes into hydrobromic acid, particularly in the presence of hot surfaces or open flames.
EXPOSURE LIMITS The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for
Ethyl bromide is 200 ppm (890 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].
* NIOSH REL
* The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has not established a recommended exposure limit for
Ethyl bromide.
* ACGIH TLV
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned
Ethyl bromide a threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm (22 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH also considers
Ethyl bromide a suspected human carcinogen (A2 substance). The ACGIH assigns a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [ACGIH 1994, p. 21].
* Rationale for Limits
The ACGIH limit is based on analogy to the toxicity of m
Ethyl bromide and on the risk of cancer, liver, kidney, cardiac, and other systemic effects [ACGIH 1991, p. 589].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION * Routes of Exposure
Exposure to
Ethyl bromide can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or skin contact [Sittig 1991].
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals:
Ethyl bromide is a central nervous system depressant, and an eye, skin, lung and kidney toxin. The oral LD(50) in rats is 1,350 mg/kg; the lowest lethal inhalation concentration in rats is 148,000 ppm for 15 minutes [Genium 1987]. Acute inhalation exposure of guinea pigs to concentrations of 140,000 ppm
Ethyl bromide for 10 minutes caused death within several days [ACGIH 1991]; and exposure to concentrations of 50,000 ppm for 98 minutes caused death within 1 hour [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Lung injury occurred after exposure to 60,000 ppm
Ethyl bromide for 10 minutes, and dizziness and congestion of the lungs and liver occurred after exposure to 24,000 ppm for 10 minutes [Clayton and Clayton 1982].
Ethyl bromide is irritating to the eyes when the liquid is instilled into rabbit eyes; it causes necrosis when in contact with the skin [Hathaway et al. 1991].
Ethyl bromide did not increase the incidence of pulmonary tumors in strain A mice receiving intraperitoneal doses of 1, 1/2, and 1/5 of the maximum tolerated dose, once per week for 24 weeks. The authors suggest that the inactivity of
Ethyl bromide may be due to metabolic inactivation when administered intraperitoneally [ACGIH 1991]. However, a varie
